India carries one of the largest user bases for nearly every major social platform on earth. Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube and X all count hundreds of millions of Indian accounts among their heaviest markets. Yet the companies running these platforms sit headquartered thousands of kilometres away, governed by laws, shareholders and political pressures that originate somewhere else entirely. This gap between where the audience lives and where the decisions get made deserves far more attention than it currently receives.
Consider what happened earlier this year when a video of the Prime Minister got briefly pulled from Facebook. Meta called it a technical error during an automated moderation process. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology found that explanation thin, and the committee formally sought an apology from the company's leadership. During the same round of hearings, Meta representatives reportedly acknowledged that certain content categories had received paid boosting, a detail that shifted the conversation from an isolated glitch to a much broader question about how money and algorithmic weight interact on these platforms. Officials also raised concerns that recommendation systems appeared to favour content critical of institutions while giving comparatively less reach to content tied to national parties, according to reporting from Outlook India and The Logical Indian. Whether that pattern reflects deliberate design or ordinary engagement optimisation remains genuinely hard to prove from outside the company, and that difficulty is itself worth sitting with.
This is far from the first time an Indian moment exposed the black box quality of these systems. Some years earlier, a Wall Street Journal investigation reported that a senior India policy executive at the company resisted taking down hate speech posted by a ruling party legislator, citing potential business consequences. Opposition parties treated the story as evidence of political favouritism inside the platform's moderation choices, while the company's India leadership pushed back publicly, stating that content enforcement decisions rested with an independent team separate from the public policy division. Around the same period, a Delhi legislative panel summoned the company's India managing director over allegations that lax enforcement of hate speech rules contributed to communal riots that left dozens dead, a hearing the executive skipped, drawing threats of contempt proceedings. Later, digital rights campaigners including the Internet Freedom Foundation and India Civil Watch International backed a shareholder resolution asking the company to formally investigate bias allegations tied to its largest market by user count. The proposal failed at the annual shareholder vote.
A separate academic study from the Centre for Advanced Studies in Cyber Law and Artificial Intelligence at Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law surveyed close to three hundred Indian users on their experience with moderation tools. The study found that over ninety percent of respondents regularly encountered harmful content, yet only around a third felt their reports led to meaningful action. A majority expressed genuine doubt that the company would act on complaints at all, and more than half of respondents had heard little to nothing about the platform's own internal appeals body, the Oversight Board. These findings point toward a structural pattern rather than a single controversy, a wide trust gap between an enormous user base and a moderation system that offers limited visibility into how its decisions actually get made.
Step back from any single incident and a larger question comes into focus. A platform's home country holds legal and regulatory leverage over that company simply through geography, since courts, tax authority, and shareholder proximity all sit closer to headquarters than to any foreign user base, however large that user base happens to be. History already shows this pattern playing out through older media. Declassified American records confirm that intelligence agencies once ran active programs placing favourable stories inside domestic and foreign press during the Cold War, a program historians commonly refer to as Operation Mockingbird. Various governments since have run coordinated influence campaigns through fake accounts and bot networks on modern platforms, several of which Meta, X and researchers at the Stanford Internet Observatory have documented and dismantled after the fact. A country whose public conversation depends heavily on platforms headquartered elsewhere faces a real strategic exposure, similar in shape to depending on foreign oil or foreign semiconductor supply, except far harder to measure and even harder to prove when misused.
India's own regulatory response has grown more assertive over the past few years. The Information Technology Rules of 2021 introduced traceability requirements for messaging platforms and gave the government expanded powers to demand content takedowns, a move platforms including WhatsApp challenged in court on privacy grounds. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act added further obligations around how user data gets stored and processed. Parliamentary committees have grown increasingly comfortable summoning global technology executives for direct questioning, a shift visible across the hearings referenced above. All of this suggests a government building leverage gradually, hearing by hearing, law by law, rather than through any single dramatic intervention.
None of this requires assuming active malice behind every controversy. Engagement driven ranking systems already favour outrage and division as a side effect of holding attention longer, and that baseline tendency alone distorts public discourse without any coordinated campaign involved. But a baseline distortion becomes a ready made amplifier for anyone with the motive and resources to exploit it, whether that party is a foreign government, a domestic political faction, or an advertiser bloc chasing engagement metrics. The Indian episodes above show regulators reaching for accountability tools, safe harbour review, parliamentary summons, mandatory disclosure demands, largely because algorithmic transparency remains thin and self reported.
A few paths forward already exist and deserve wider public discussion. Genuine transparency requirements, the kind that force platforms to explain ranking logic in terms regulators and independent researchers can actually verify, would close much of the current gap. Giving outside academic researchers real API access to study these systems, rather than relying on leaked documents and occasional whistleblowers, would turn suspicion into evidence one way or another. Building stronger domestic platform alternatives would reduce the concentration risk that comes from routing an entire national conversation through one or two foreign owned chokepoints. And on an individual level, treating a social feed the way one already treats an advertisement, as a curated message shaped by incentives that mostly stay hidden, remains a reasonable starting habit for anyone scrolling through it daily.
India sits at an interesting point in this story. Its user base gives it real commercial leverage over these companies, leverage the parliamentary hearings this year already demonstrated. Turning that leverage into lasting transparency, rather than one off apologies after each controversy, looks like the actual work ahead.